It’S Getting Crowded in Here: Experimental Evidence of Demand Constraints in the Gender Profit Gap
结合加纳服装企业普查和市场调查数据，发现女性企业主面临更严重的需求约束，实验表明随机需求冲击能提高女性企业利润，而男性企业无此效应，说明市场拥挤是性别利润差距的原因之一。
Abstract This article considers market-level contributors to the well-documented gender profit gap among micro-entrepreneurs. We combine data from a garment-making firm census and market research survey in Ghana, uncovering a gender gap in the market-size-to-firm ratio and observing disproportionate self-reports of ‘not enough customers’ from female owners. We develop a simple model and discuss implications of potential gender differences in demand constraints. As experimental corroboration, we show that female-owned firms expand production and experience profit increases in response to random demand shocks, while male-owned firms do not. Nationally representative data echoes our experimental findings, showing more crowding in female-dominated industries.