The unintended consequences of increasing returns to scale in geographical economics
指出经济增长理论中关于规模报酬的假设在地理应用中常被忽视，导致偏向规模并得出错误结论，或成为城市经济学家描述集聚经济的便利建模技巧，并讨论了聚焦于地理机制的方法。
Abstract Increasing returns to scale is the basis for many powerful results in economics and economic geography. But the limitations of assumptions about returns to scale in economic growth theories are often ignored when applied to geography. This leads to an unintentional bias favoring scale and mistaken conclusions about geography, scale and growth. Alternatively, this bias is used as a convenient modeling trick by urban economists to describe agglomeration economies for innovation without examining the spatial mechanisms that actually create agglomeration economies. I discuss techniques to focus on the distinctly geographic mechanisms that define returns to scale at appropriate spatial scales.