The initial impact of COVID-19 and policy responses on household incomes
分析了英国政府为应对疫情冲击推出的三项家庭收入保护政策的设计与受益者，结合劳动力市场冲击的分布模式，评估了这些政策对生活标准尤其是低收入家庭的整体影响。
As soon as the scale of the coronavirus shock to the economy became clear, the UK government introduced three policies to protect directly household incomes: a Job Retention Scheme, to pay the wages of employees who were temporarily furloughed; a Self-Employment Income Support Scheme, to give grants to established self-employed people whose businesses had been affected; and a package of increases to entitlements to social security benefits, with Universal Credit at the core, that bolstered the UK's means-tested 'safety net'. This paper analyses the design and beneficiaries of these policies and, given the distributional pattern of the labour market shock, considers the emerging overall impact on living standards, particularly of low-income households.