Air Pollution Exposure and Covid-19 in Dutch Municipalities
利用荷兰355个市的详细数据，研究发现长期暴露于PM2.5污染与新冠肺炎病例、住院和死亡人数呈正相关，每增加1 μg/m³ PM2.5对应约9.4例病例、3.0例住院和2.3例死亡，且结果在多种稳健性检验后依然成立。
Abstract In light of the existing preliminary evidence of a link between Covid-19 and poor air quality, which is largely based upon correlations, we estimate the relationship between long term air pollution exposure and Covid-19 in 355 municipalities in the Netherlands. Using detailed data we find compelling evidence of a positive relationship between air pollution, and particularly $$PM_{2.5}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> concentrations, and Covid-19 cases, hospital admissions and deaths. This relationship persists even after controlling for a wide range of explanatory variables. Our results indicate that, other things being equal, a municipality with 1 μg/m 3 more $$PM_{2.5}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> concentrations will have 9.4 more Covid-19 cases, 3.0 more hospital admissions, and 2.3 more deaths. This relationship between Covid-19 and air pollution withstands a number of sensitivity and robustness exercises including instrumenting pollution to mitigate potential endogeneity in the measurement of pollution and modelling spatial spillovers using spatial econometric techniques.