Bringing Nordic Slush to Asia: Entrepreneurial internationalization of an NGO as a social movement
研究了芬兰创业促进型非政府组织Slush向日本、中国和新加坡的国际化过程，运用社会运动理论揭示其特殊机制，对理解非商业组织的国际化有参考价值。
We explore the internationalization of Slush, an entrepreneurship-promoting NGO from Finland that expanded to Japan, China, and Singapore. We incorporate the social movement theory that allows revealing special mechanisms of NGOs’ internationalization. We show, first, that international opportunity development of internationalizing NGOs is triggered by the shared dissatisfaction with societal conditions. Second, their collective resource mobilization enables networks and learning in foreign markets. Third, internationalizing NGOs overcome internationalization liabilities through building their social identities. We also offer a model of NGO internationalization that incorporates the social movement theory. Overall, our study broadens internationalization research by bringing a non-business theory into it.