Why real leisure really matters: incentive effects on real effort in the laboratory
通过实验室实验，研究了允许或限制上网对个人和团队计件工资下工作绩效的影响，发现团队计件时上网会降低产量，而个人计件时无差异，表明将休闲活动纳入实验设计对揭示激励效应至关重要。
Abstract On-the-job leisure is a pervasive feature of the modern workplace. We studied its impact on work performance in a laboratory experiment by either allowing or restricting Internet access. We used a 2 × 2 experimental design in which subjects completing real-effort work tasks could earn cash according to either individual- or team-production incentive schemes. Under team pay, production levels were significantly lower when Internet browsing was available than when it was not. Under individual pay, however, no differences in production levels were observed between the treatment in which Internet was available and the treatment in which it was not. In line with standard incentive theory, individual pay outperformed team pay across all periods of the experiment when Internet browsing was available. This was not the case, however, when Internet browsing was unavailable. These results demonstrate that the integration of on-the-job leisure activities into an experimental labor design is crucial for uncovering incentive effects.