Fragmented Ownership and Natural Resource Use: Evidence from the Bakken
利用巴肯页岩油藏的所有权差异，研究发现碎片化所有权（尤其是联合所有权和小块政府与私人土地交错）显著降低了2010-15年石油繁荣期的产量，并讨论了整合对空间扩张性资源利用的启示。
Abstract Does land fragmentation impair spatially expansive natural resource use? We conduct empirical tests using ownership variation on the Bakken, one of the world's most valuable shale oil reserves. Long before shale was discovered, US policies created a mosaic of private, jointly owned and tribal government parcels on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. We find that all three forms of fragmentation reduced production during the 2010–15 oil boom, especially joint ownership and the interspersion of small parcels of government and private land. We estimate implied gains from consolidation and discuss implications for the use (or conservation) of other spatially expansive resources.