Market transparency and consumer search—Evidence from the German retail gasoline market
研究了消费者在是否使用价格搜索网站上的选择如何影响汽油价格，发现只列出最低20%的价格能最大化消费者福利，使支出降低1.5%。
Abstract We estimate a model of incomplete information price competition where consumers endogenously choose whether to use a price search website. We examine how consumer search and prices would change under different transparency regimes. We find that aggregate consumer welfare is maximized when the price search website lists the lowest 20% of prices (i.e., one station in markets with less than five stations, and two stations in markets with more than five stations), with consumer expenditures falling by 1.5% relative to a regime where all are listed.