Glue or Gasoline? The Role of Interorganizational Linkages in the Occurrence and Spillover of Competitive Wars
研究组织间直接联系（战略联盟）和间接联系（共同所有权、共同分析师）如何影响竞争战的发生与溢出，发现间接联系减少溢出，而直接联系可能助长溢出。
Despite their prevalence and significance, competitive wars have received limited attention in the strategy literature. Our knowledge of how interorganizational linkages influence competitive wars is particularly lacking. Drawing on the social embeddedness perspective, we argue that both direct linkages (i.e., strategic alliances) and indirect linkages (i.e., common ownership ties and common analyst ties) reduce the likelihood of war, thereby functioning as the glue that binds firms together. Yet once competitive wars are launched in related markets, indirect linkages through common third-parties may continuously function as glue, reducing the likelihood of war spillover, whereas direct linkages, such as strategic alliances, may facilitate the spillover of competitive wars, akin to adding gasoline to a fire. Using data from the U.S. domestic airline industry between 1991 and 2010, our empirical evidence offers strong support for our predictions.