Interactions in Public Policies: Spousal Responses and Program Spillovers of Welfare Reforms
利用挪威提前退休改革，发现该改革不仅降低了直接受影响者的就业，还导致配偶就业下降，并引发福利项目间的替代，揭示了政策互动对改革效果的重要影响。
Abstract In this paper we exploit the introduction of an early retirement reform in Norway to provide new evidence on interactions in public policies across programs and household members. The analysis generates four results. First, the reform decreased the employment of the directly affected individuals. Second, the introduction of the early retirement option caused program substitution away from alternative welfare programs. Third, it reduced employment among spouses of directly affected individuals. Finally, the reduction in spousal employment was driven by take-up of disability insurance. These results demonstrate that interactions in public policies can have a substantial impact on the effect of welfare reforms.