Managerial Leadership, Truth-Telling, and Efficient Coordination
研究经理与两个代理人之间的协调博弈，发现经理控制加三方自由聊天能提高总剩余，因为代理人很少撒谎，而传统实验中的撒谎结论不稳健。
Abstract We study the manager-agent game, a novel coordination game played between a manager and two agents. Unlike commonly studied coordination games, the manager-agent game stresses asymmetric information (agents know the state of the world, but managers do not) and asymmetric payoffs (for all states of the world, agents have opposing preferences over outcomes). Efficient coordination requires coordinating agents’ actions and utilising their private information. We vary how agents’ actions are chosen (managerial control versus delegation), the mode of communication (none, structured communication or free-form chat) and the channels of communication (i.e., who can communicate with each other). Achieving coordination per se is not challenging, but, averaging across all states of the world, total surplus only surpasses the safe outcome when managerial control is combined with three-way free-form chat. Unlike weak-link games, advice from managers to agents does not increase total surplus. The combination of managerial control and free-form chat works because, under these conditions, agents rarely lie about their private information. Our results suggest that common findings from the experimental literature on lying are not robust to changes in the mode of communication.