Hold the line: Modeling private coastal adaptation through shoreline armoring decisions
研究了美国俄勒冈州私人土地所有者1990-2015年间海岸线硬化决策，发现空间溢出效应（如波浪偏转和同伴效应）显著影响决策，忽略这些效应会低估未来硬化量37-97%，而政策调整（如取消限制法规）可能使硬化量增加69%。
A primary conduit for coastal adaptation to climate change on private land is the hardening, or armoring, of the shoreline to mitigate the effects of erosion and sea-level rise (SLR). When such decisions are made at the parcel-level, there is potential for spatial spillovers, including externalities due to deflected wave action and peer effects. We estimate a discrete choice model of landowner armoring choices from 1990 to 2015 in the U.S. state of Oregon that suggests the impacts of spatial spillovers are highly influential determinants in these private adaptation decisions. Our landscape simulations excluding spatial spillovers may under-predict future armoring by 37–97 percent. From scenario-based simulations, we then demonstrate the primacy of policy, as a removal of a current land-use regulation that limits armoring has potential to significantly increase future armoring by 69 percent. Furthermore, inclusion of SLR projections suggests armoring would increase an additional 5.4 percent within four decades.