Nudging: Progress to date and future directions
作者回顾了助推（nudge）领域的研究进展，助推通过改变决策环境来影响行为，但不限制选项或改变经济激励。作者分析了174篇估计助推处理效应的文章，发现许多类型的助推在多个领域成功改变行为。其中，自动化决策过程的助推效果更大，平均效应量（Cohen's d）比其他助推大0.193。作者建议未来研究应关注：哪些助推类型最有效；将实地和实验室研究作为互补方法；测量助推的长期效果；考虑助推对非目标结果的影响；以及检验助推与其他干预措施的交互效应。
Nudges influence behavior by changing the environment in which decisions are made, without restricting the menu of options and without altering financial incentives. This paper assesses past empirical research on nudging and provides recommendations for future work in this area by discussing examples of successful and unsuccessful nudges and by analyzing 174 articles that estimate nudge treatment effects. Researchers in disciplines spanning the behavioral sciences, using varied data sources, have documented that many different types of nudges succeed in changing behavior in a wide range of domains. Nudges that automate some aspect of the decision-making process have an average effect size, measured by Cohen’s d, that is 0.193 larger than that of other nudges. Our analyses point to the need for future research to pay greater attention to (1) determining which types of nudges tend to be most impactful; (2) using field and laboratory research approaches as complementary methods; (3) measuring long-run effects of nudges; (4) considering effects of nudges on non-targeted outcomes; and (5) examining interaction effects among nudges and other interventions.