Redistribution and Insurance in Welfare States around the World*
利用澳大利亚、德国、韩国、瑞士、英国和美国的面板数据，研究发现长期再分配与年度再分配存在差异，德国等被认为高再分配的国家长期实际再分配水平反而低于英美；老年人口比例越高，年度再分配越多，但长期再分配越少，说明部分年度再分配实为老年人的收入平滑。
Abstract Redistribution across individuals within the framework of a one‐year period is an empirically intensely studied question. However, a substantial share of annual redistribution might turn out to serve individual insurance in a longer perspective, reducing the level of actual redistribution across individuals. In this paper, we investigate to what extent long‐run redistribution diverges from annual redistribution in welfare states of different types. Exploiting panel data from the Cross‐National Equivalent File (CNEF) for Australia, Germany, South Korea, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, we find that welfare states such as Germany that are assumed to engage in a high level of redistribution actually achieve relatively less redistribution between individuals in the long run than the United Kingdom or the United States. Regression results show that a higher share of elderly in a country is associated with more annual redistribution, but with less long‐run redistribution between individuals. The results suggest that, in welfare states with aging populations, we might expect growing annual redistribution that, to a substantial extent, is in fact income smoothing for the elderly.