Death by Market Power: Reform, Competition, and Patient Outcomes in the National Health Service
利用2006年英国促进医院竞争的政策改革，采用双重差分法估计竞争对临床结果、生产率和支出的影响，发现竞争能挽救生命且不增加成本。
The effect of competition on the quality of health care remains a contested issue. Most empirical estimates rely on inference from nonexperimental data. In contrast, this paper exploits a procompetitive policy reform to provide estimates of the impact of competition on hospital outcomes. The English government introduced a policy in 2006 to promote competition between hospitals. Using this policy to implement a difference-in-differences research design, we estimate the impact of the introduction of competition on not only clinical outcomes but also productivity and expenditure. We find that the effect of competition is to save lives without raising costs.