Open‐shop unions and product market competition
理论分析表明，产品市场竞争对工会工资的影响因工会化程度而异：低工会化时，竞争反而增强工会谈判力。利用英国数据验证了这一假设。
Abstract Evidence on the effect of product market competition on unionized wages is mixed. In this paper we show theoretically that the result may reflect genuine heterogeneity in the response of union wages to product market conditions. For low levels of unionization, union bargaining power may actually be enhanced by market competition, as firms have more to lose when there is a strike. Using recent data from the UK, we explore interactions between the level of industry competition and unionization, and find supporting evidence for this hypothesis.