Enhanced indexation based on second-order stochastic dominance
实证研究二阶随机占优模型在增强型指数化中的有效性，发现其选股组合持续跑赢指数且无需基数约束，对风险厌恶型投资者有参考价值。
Second order Stochastic Dominance (SSD) has a well recognised importance in portfolio selection, since it provides a natural interpretation of the theory of risk-averse investor behaviour. Recently, SSD-based models of portfolio choice have been proposed; these assume that a reference distribution is available and a portfolio is constructed, whose return distribution dominates the reference distribution with respect to SSD. We present an empirical study which analyses the effectiveness of such strategies in the context of enhanced indexation. Several datasets, drawn from FTSE 100, SP 500 and Nikkei 225 are investigated through portfolio rebalancing and backtesting. Three main conclusions are drawn. First, the portfolios chosen by the SSD based models consistently outperformed the indices and the traditional index trackers. Secondly, the SSD based models do not require imposition of cardinality constraints since naturally a small number of stocks are selected. Thus, they do not present the computational difficulty normally associated with index tracking models. Finally, the SSD based models are robust with respect to small changes in the scenario set and little or no rebalancing is necessary. In this paper we present a unified framework which incorporates (a) SSD, (b) downside risk (Conditional Value-at-Risk) minimisation and (c) enhanced indexation.