Some economic costs of corruption in LDCs
反驳了贿赂能提高官僚决策资源配置效率的观点，指出官员为降低风险会限制贿赂渠道，或通过扩大供给来获利，其长期成本可能超过效率收益。
It has often been argued that bribery creates auction‐like conditions and, hence, improves the allocative efficiency of bureaucratic decisions. This article shows that these auction‐like conditions are not likely to exist because officials will restrict access to bribery in order to reduce the risks of detection. Alternatively, officials may engage in supply‐stretching whose long‐term costs are likely to outweigh any gains in allocative efficiency. It is also shown that bribery may impose other costs resulting from the efforts of officials to create or augment the opportunities for receiving bribes.