Coming out of the Shadows: Learning about Legal Status and Wages from the Legalized Population
利用1986年美国移民改革与控制法案（IRCA）大赦的样本数据，分析合法化对男性非法移民工资的影响，发现合法化后工资决定因素发生结构性变化，非法身份导致工资惩罚14%-24%，而合法化带来约6%的工资提升。
The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) granted amnesty to approximately 1.7 million long-term unauthorized workers in an effort to bring them "out of the shadows" and improve their labor market opportunities. An analysis of wages using panel data for a sample of legalized men provides evidence that wage determinants are structurally different after amnesty for them but not for the comparison group as measured during the same time periods. The wage penalty for being unauthorized is estimated to range from 14% to 24%. The wage benefit of legalization under IRCA was approximately 6%.