The Interaction of Communicating Measurement Uncertainty and the Dark Triad on Managers' Reporting Decisions
通过实验发现，强制披露不确定估计的范围能抑制管理者激进报告，尤其对具有黑暗三人格（精神病态、自恋、马基雅维利主义）的管理者效果显著，但投资者难以从中识别激进行为。
ABSTRACT I conduct an interactive experiment with participants in manager- and investor-like roles to examine whether and how mandating range disclosures for uncertain estimates will influence managers' reporting decisions. I find that managers report less aggressively when ranges are disclosed, such that investors have little aggressive reporting to identify using range disclosures. However, consistent with psychology theory, range disclosures have the greatest effect on managers with stronger levels of psychopathy, narcissism, or Machiavellianism (“the Dark Triad” of personality in psychology). Range disclosures discipline these managers' aggressive reporting, while managers with lower levels of all of these personalities have less aggressiveness to discipline and are insensitive to range disclosure. Consequently, mandating range disclosures should have the greatest effect on managers most in need of reining in—and is unlikely to reveal aggressive reporting to investors (as might be expected) because these managers reduce aggressiveness in anticipation of investor actions.