Gender-Based Wage and Promotion Discrimination in Israeli High-Technology Firms: Do Unions Make a Difference?
研究比较了以色列两家高科技企业（一家有工会、一家无工会）中科学家和专业人士的性别歧视情况，发现工会并未减少性别对收入和晋升的影响，但可能降低了晋升歧视带来的工资损失。
Little is known about the degree to which unions protect women against gender-based wage and promotion discrimination. Data were collected for scientists and professionals in two matched firms, one unionized, one not. Similar overall patterns of discrimination emerged, with gender having no less of an impact on earnings and promotion in the unionized firm than in the nonunion firm. However, our results suggest that women in the unionized firm might have been less exposed to the negative earnings-based consequences of promotion discrimination because hierarchical wage differentials were lower.