Gender and Board Activeness: The Role of a Critical Mass
研究以色列政府持股公司的董事会会议记录，发现当董事会中男女董事均至少3人时，会议活跃度提升至少79%，且女性董事在达到3人临界规模时更活跃，此类董事会也更易更换表现不佳的CEO。
This study analyzes detailed minutes of board meetings of business companies in which the Israeli government holds a substantial equity interest. Boards with at least 3 directors of each gender are found to be at least 79% more active at board meetings than those without such representation. This phenomenon is driven by women directors in particular; they are more active when a critical mass of at least 3 women is in attendance. Gender-balanced boards are also more likely to replace underperforming chief executive officers (CEOs) and are particularly active during periods when CEOs are being replaced.