What Do Unions Do to Productivity? A Meta‐Analysis
通过元分析和元回归分析，发现研究结果差异主要源于模型设定不同；控制差异后，英国工会与生产力负相关，而美国整体及制造业则正相关。
The impact of unions on productivity is explored using meta‐analysis and meta‐regression analysis. It is shown that most of the variation in published results is due to specification differences between studies. After controlling for differences between studies, a negative association between unions and productivity is established for the United Kingdom, whereas a positive association is established for the United States in general and for U.S. manufacturing.