The Changing Consequences of Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities
利用1970年代和1990年代大学生的全国代表性数据，发现就读传统黑人大学在1970年代与更高工资和毕业概率相关，但到1990年代则出现工资惩罚，相对工资下降20%。
Using nationally representative data files from 1970s and 1990s college attendees, we find that in the 1970s matriculation at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) was associated with higher wages and an increased probability of graduation, relative to attending a traditionally white institution. By the 1990s, there is a wage penalty resulting in a 20 percent decline in the relative wages of HBCU graduates between the two decades. There is modest support for the possibility that the relative decline in wages associated with HBCU matriculation is partially due to improvements in TWIs' effectiveness at educating blacks.