Budget or target: the choice between input and output strategies
研究竞争环境中玩家选择设定投入预算还是产出目标的问题，通过两阶段博弈模型分析两种策略的优劣，发现当产出随对手投入递增（递减）时，领先投入（产出）策略更优。
In many competitive environments, players need to commit either to a specific goal they will achieve (an output target) or to the resources they are willing to expend in pursuit of that goal (an input budget). We model this situation as a two‐stage game where players may compete either by setting input and letting their output follow from the environment (“leading input”), or by setting output and letting the input levels required to support the output targets follow (“leading output”). We show that when each player's output is increasing (decreasing) in his rival's input, leading input (output) dominates leading output (input ).