Experimenter demand effects in economic experiments
探讨实验者需求效应的两种类型（社会性与纯认知性），指出其与实验目标正相关时才是问题，并提出非欺骗性混淆等技巧来降低这种相关性。
Abstract Experimenter demand effects refer to changes in behavior by experimental subjects due to cues about what constitutes appropriate behavior. We argue that they can either be social or purely cognitive, and that, when they may exist, it crucially matters how they relate to the true experimental objectives. They are usually a potential problem only when they are positively correlated with the true experimental objectives’ predictions, and we identify techniques such as non-deceptive obfuscation to minimize this correlation. We discuss the persuasiveness or otherwise of defenses that can be used against demand effects criticisms when such correlation remains an issue.