Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution
利用1995-2001年欧洲社区家庭面板数据，分析11个国家公共和私营部门工资分布中的性别收入差距，发现差距在工资分布顶端扩大（玻璃天花板效应），底部也有扩大（粘地板效应），并探讨了各国差异与儿童保育和工资制度的关系。
Using harmonized data for the years 1995–2001 from the European Community Household Panel, the authors analyze gender pay gaps by sector across the wage distribution in eleven countries. In estimations that control for the effects of individual characteristics at different points of the distribution, they calculate the part of the gap attributable to differing returns between men and women. The magnitude of the gender pay gap, thus measured, varied substantially across countries and across the public and private sector wage distributions. The gap typically widened toward the top of the wage distribution (the “glass ceiling” effect), and in a few cases it also widened at the bottom (the “sticky floor” effect). The authors suggest that differences in childcare provision and wage setting institutions across EU countries may partly account for the variation in patterns by country and sector.