Who Misvotes? The Effect of Differential Cognition Costs on Election Outcomes
利用2003年加州罢免选举中候选人姓名在选票上的准随机位置变化，发现小党候选人若紧邻大党候选人，得票率几乎翻倍，且这一效应在低教育、贫困或第三方选民比例高的选区更大。
If voters have negligible cognition costs, ballot layout should not affect election outcomes. We explore deviations from rational voting using quasi-random variation in candidate name placement on ballots from the 2003 California recall election. We find that minor candidates' vote shares almost double when their names are adjacent to the names of major candidates. All else equal, vote share gains are larger in precincts with higher percentages of poorly educated, poor, or third-party voters. A major candidate that disproportionally attracts voters from such precincts faces an electoral disadvantage. We also explore which voting technology platforms and brands mitigate misvoting.