Glass Ceilings or Glass Doors? Wage Disparity Within and Between Firms
利用雇主-雇员关联数据，分析移民和少数族裔工人进入高工资企业（玻璃门）与高工资岗位（玻璃天花板）的障碍，发现玻璃门效应是工资差距的重要来源。
We investigate whether immigrant and minority workers' poor access to high-wage jobs—that is, glass ceilings—is attributable to poor access to jobs in high-wage firms, a phenomenon we call glass doors. Our analysis uses linked employer–employee data to measure mean and quantile-wage differentials of immigrants and ethnic minorities, both within and across firms. We find that glass ceilings exist for some immigrant groups, and that they are driven in large measure by glass doors. For some immigrant groups, the sorting of these workers across firms accounts for as much as half of the economy-wide wage disparity they face. This article has the supplement materials online.