Keep the Kids Inside? Juvenile Curfews and Urban Gun Violence
利用ShotSpotter音频传感器提供的更精确枪击数据，研究发现华盛顿特区的青少年宵禁政策在边际时段反而使枪击事件增加150%，而自愿报告的犯罪数据则显示减少，说明报告率存在混淆效应。
Abstract Gun violence is an important problem across the United States. However, the impact of government policies on gunfire has been difficult to test due to limited and low-quality data. This paper uses new, more accurate data on gunfire (generated by ShotSpotter audio sensors) to measure the effects of juvenile curfews in Washington, DC. Using variation in the hours of the DC curfew, we find that this policy increases gunfire incidents by 150% during marginal hours. In contrast, voluntarily reported crime measures (such as 911 calls) suggest that the curfew decreases gun violence, likely because of confounding effects on reporting rates.