Measuring competition in spatial retail
提出并估计了一个空间聚合离散选择模型，用于分析美国杂货业的竞争格局，发现超级中心、会员店和传统杂货商之间存在显著的跨业态竞争，并评估了超市合并对反垄断政策的影响。
Abstract We propose and estimate a spatially aggregated discrete‐choice model with overlapping consumer choice sets and demographic‐driven heterogeneity that varies by chain. Our approach avoids the need to define markets ex ante and captures rich substitution patterns, even in the absence of price data. An application to the US grocery industry illustrates the importance of location, format, and the spatial distribution of consumers in shaping the competitive environment. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find substantial cross‐format competition between supercenters, clubs, and traditional grocers. Finally, we evaluate two representative mergers between supermarket chains to demonstrate how our estimates inform antitrust policy.