Does Entry Regulation Hinder Job Creation? Evidence from the French Retail Industry
利用法国零售业区域规划委员会审批决策的地区和时间差异，发现更严格的准入管制提高了零售商集中度并减缓了就业增长。
Are product market and entry regulation key sources of low employment growth in many European countries? We investigate this question in the context of the French retail trade industry. Since 1974, approval by regional zoning boards has been required for the creation or extension of any large retain store in France. We exploit a unique database that provides time- and region-specific variation in boards' approval decisions. We show that stronger deterrence of entry by the boards increased retailer concentration and slowed down employment growth in France.