Why are So Few Females Promoted into CEO and Vice President Positions? Danish Empirical Evidence, 1997–2007
利用1997-2007年丹麦所有公司的雇主-雇员数据，估计女性晋升为副总裁和CEO的概率，发现即使控制家庭和公司因素，性别差距仍然存在，部分原因是女性集中在晋升CEO机会较低的领域。
The authors estimate the probability of promotion into VP and CEO positions using employer-employee data from all Danish companies observed during the period 1997 to 2007. After controlling for a large number of firm and family-related variables, including take-up history of maternity and paternity leave and proxies for female-friendly companies, a considerable gap still occurs in the promotion probabilities for CEO positions. Part of the gap is due to gender differences in the area of specialization as top executive. Women tend to cluster in VP positions in HR, R&D, and IT areas in which the chances of a CEO promotion are lower than for positions as CFOs and VPs in Sales or Production areas.