Pricing-to-Market and the Failure of Absolute PPP
研究发现，可贸易商品的一价定律偏离是绝对购买力平价失效的重要原因，低收入国家在美国港口支付更低价格，这种市场定价比本地非贸易投入对可贸易价格差异的影响更大。
We show that deviations from the law of one price in tradable goods are an important source of violations of absolute purchasing power parity. Using highly disaggregated export data, we document systematic international price discrimination: at the US dock, low-income countries pay lower prices. This pricing-to-market is about twice as important as local nontraded inputs for differences in tradable prices. We propose a model of consumer search and pricing-to-market in which consumers in low-income countries have a comparative advantage in nontraded, nonmarket search activities. Evidence from cross-country time-use studies and US export prices supports the model.