Trade Liberalization, Intermediate Inputs, and Productivity: Evidence from Indonesia
利用1991-2001年印尼制造业普查数据，估计降低最终品关税和中间品关税对生产率的影响，发现中间品关税下降10个百分点使进口中间品的企业生产率提高12%，效果是降低最终品关税的两倍以上。
This paper estimates the productivity gains from reducing tariffs on final goods and from reducing tariffs on intermediate inputs. Lower output tariffs can increase productivity by inducing tougher import competition, whereas cheaper imported inputs can raise productivity via learning, variety, and quality effects. We use Indonesian manufacturing census data from 1991 to 2001, which include plant-level information on imported inputs. The results show that a 10 percentage point fall in input tariffs leads to a productivity gain of 12 percent for firms that import their inputs, at least twice as high as any gains from reducing output tariffs.