Inter- and Intra-Ethnic Comparisons of the Central City-Suburban Youth Employment Differential: Evidence from the Oakland Metropolitan Area
利用1990年奥克兰大都市区人口普查微观数据，研究发现低就业增长区的居住对青年就业和活动概率有强烈负面影响，且不同种族青年受居住地影响不同，郊区内部黑人青年就业率仍显著低于其他种族。
This analysis of data from the 5% Census Public Use Microdata Sample shows that residence in a low-employment growth area had a strong negative effect on both the probability of being employed and the probability of being active (defined as being either employed or in school) among youths in the Oakland Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area in 1990. The large adverse employment effect is found even with extensive controls for personal and family background characteristics. Area of residence affected employment and activity outcomes differently for youths of different racial and ethnic groups. Notably, even within the high—employment growth suburban area studied, black youths had significantly lower employment and activity rates than white, Asian, and Hispanic youths. Citing evidence of racial segregation within this suburban area, the author argues that a central city/suburban dichotomy may not adequately measure spatial proximity to employment opportunities.