Which Institutions are Good for Your Health? The Deep Determinants of Comparative Cross-country Health Status
研究正式与非正式制度对预期寿命的影响，发现两者可相互替代，且改善非正式制度对大多数国家的预期寿命有更显著的正面效果，尤其对制度薄弱国家效果最大。
We extend the literature on the deep determinants of economic development by focusing on life expectancy, instead of income per capita, as an indicator of economic development, and by examining the role of informal, as well as formal, institutions. Our empirical results suggest that formal and informal institutions are substitutes. Improving informal institutions has positive effects on life expectancy that are statistically significant for most countries and stronger than the effects of improving formal institutions. The gains from improving informal institutions are greatest for countries in which institutions are weakest. Geographical factors also help explain cross-country variation in life expectancy.