Supreme Court Justices’ Loyalty to the President
分析了1937年至2014年最高法院大法官的投票数据，发现大法官在任命自己的总统执政时更倾向于支持政府，这种忠诚效应在民主党大法官中更为显著。
A statistical analysis of voting by Supreme Court justices from 1937 to 2014 provides evidence of a loyalty effect—justices more frequently vote for the government when the president who appointed them is in office than when subsequent presidents lead the government. This effect exists even when subsequent presidents are of the same party as the justices in question. However, the loyalty effect is much stronger for Democratic justices than for Republican justices. This may be because Republican presidents are more ideologically committed than Democratic justices are, leaving less room for demonstrations of loyalty.