Coal demand, market forces, and U.S. coal mine closures
利用煤矿和电厂运营数据，将煤矿关闭建模为预期利润的函数，比较需求侧和供给侧冲击对关闭的影响，发现生产成本上升影响大，但天然气价格下降和电力需求下降近年作用更显著。
Abstract Economic transitions have the potential to displace workers and cause social unrest. Coal mine closures and the resulting employment losses in rural areas have become salient issues. Using data on coal mine and power plant operation, we model closure as a function of expected profits, which allows us to compare the effects on mine closure of specific demand and supply shocks to expected mine profits. Increasing costs of production have had a large impact on closures, but lower natural gas prices and lower electricity demand have played more recently important roles.