SEASONALITY, CAPITAL INFLEXIBILITY, AND THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION
记录了北半球国家过去70年动物生产的去季节性趋势，利用爱尔兰农场数据表明低季节性促进节省劳动力的投资，并发现低季节性与生产力提升之间存在双向因果关系。
Among the prominent recognized features of the industrialization of animal production over the past half century are growth in the stock of inflexible, or use-dedicated, capital as an input in production and growth in productivity. Less recognized is a trend toward aseasonal production. We record the deseasonalization of animal production in Northern Hemisphere countries over the past 70 years. Using Irish farm-level data, we provide evidence that low seasonality favors laborsaving investments. We also suggest that (a) lower seasonality can be Granger-causally prior to increased productivity, and (b) productivity improvements can be Granger-causally prior to lower seasonality. Process (a) should be more likely earlier in the industrialization process. For U.S. dairy production, our empirical tests find some evidence that process (a) operated early in the twentieth century while process (b) operated in more recent times.