Coordination versus differentiation in a standards war: 56K modems
研究56K调制解调器两种不兼容标准的竞争，发现互联网服务提供商更不愿采用竞争对手已广泛采用的技术，导致市场难以统一标准，直到标准组织介入。
56K modems were introduced under two competing incompatible standards. We show the importance of competition between internet service providers in the adoption process. We show that ISPs were less likely to adopt the technology that more competitors adopted. This result is particularly striking given that industry participants expected coordination on one standard or the other. We speculate about the role of ISP differentiation in preventing the market from achieving standardization until a standard setting organization intervened.