Problems, theories, and governing the crowd
认为，核心经济主体作为组织设计者，通过将问题或问题领域的属性与组织问题发现和解决方案搜索的模式高效匹配，来催化创新。众包本质上是治理选择，涉及问题发现与解决，且问题定义会揭示大量隐含交由众包处理的问题领域。
Research and recommendations on innovation through crowdsourcing are diverse and often contradictory, providing little guidance on when, where, and under what conditions to use various forms of crowdsourcing. This article responds by arguing that focal economic actors, as organization designers, catalyze innovation when they efficiently match attributes of the problem or attributes of a domain of problems to modes of organizing problem finding and solution search. Four basic insights drive this approach. First, sourcing from the crowd is, fundamentally, a governance choice. Second, crowdsourcing is an amalgam of both problem finding and problem solving through the crowd. Third, the attributes of focal actors, including the theories of value creation they possess, shape problem formulation, solution-search, and the governance of these processes. Fourth, the act of defining problems reveals, and often generates, a vast residual domain of problems—often unseen by the focal economic actor—that is implicitly deferred to the crowd to find and potentially solve.