Individualization and Equality: Women's Careers and Organizational Form
比较爱尔兰国有部门与软件公司中女性的职业经历，挑战官僚制天生父权制的观点，指出官僚制和市场化的组织都可能对女性友好或不友好。
Some feminist writings have claimed that `bureaucracy' is inherently `patriarchal'. This article challenges this argument by comparing the experience of women in Ireland in a state sector organization and in a cluster of software firms. While the bureaucratic state company has been reformed to incorporate equal opportunities, in the individualized or `marketized' software companies women's progress is at the whim of individual managers and motherhood and a career are largely incompatible. If bureaucratic organizations can be reformed in this way, it cannot be claimed that there is any inherent link between bureaucracy and patriarchy. Instead organizations can be either bureaucratic or marketized, and either patriarchal or woman-friendly. These are two separate dimensions which change independently of each other. On this basis the article suggests that the contemporary `remasculinization' of management occurs because earlier reforms in bureaucratic organizations are now being eroded.