Fuel taxation, emissions policy, and competitive advantage in the diffusion of European diesel automobiles
研究了欧洲燃油税和车辆排放政策如何偏向柴油车，使本土汽车制造商获得竞争优势，相当于实施了2-3倍官方税率的非关税贸易政策。
Abstract Economic integration agreements have significantly decreased import tariffs. We investigate whether national policies can be an effective replacement for tariffs to protect domestic industry. We show that (a) European fuel taxes and vehicle emissions policy favored diesel vehicles, a technology popular with European consumers but largely offered only by domestic automakers; (b) European automakers benefited from pro‐diesel fuel taxes and a lenient NO x emissions policy to earn significant profits from diesel cars; and (c) that both policies amounted to significant nontariff trade policies equivalent to an import tariff between two to three times the official rate.