Land use regulation and productivity—land matters: evidence from a UK supermarket chain
利用英国一家超市连锁店的店铺数据，研究发现英格兰的“城镇中心优先”政策迫使商店选址在低效地块，导致代表性店铺产出损失32%，且限制性更强的地方政府辖区内店铺数量和销售额更低。
We use store-specific data for a UK supermarket chain to estimate the impact of planning on store output. Exploiting the variation in policies between England and other UK countries, we isolate the impact of Town Centre First (TCF) policies introduced in England. We find they directly reduced output by forcing stores onto less productive sites. We estimate TCF policies imposed a loss of output of 32% on a representative store opening after their rigorous implementation in 1996. Additionally, we show that, household numbers constant, more restrictive local authorities have fewer stores and lower chain sales within their areas.