Carbon Tariffs Revisited
研究发现碳关税可能对本国能源密集型且贸易暴露行业弊大于利，取决于中间投入的碳排放构成和出口市场份额。
Concerns about adverse impacts on domestic energy-intensive and trade-exposed (EITE) industries are at the fore of the political debate about unilateral climate policies. Tariffs on the carbon embodied in imported goods from countries without emission pricing appeal as a measure to reduce carbon leakage and protect domestic EITE industries. We show that the introduction of carbon tariffs can do more harm than good to domestic EITE industries. Two determinants drive the sign and magnitude of EITE impacts. First, the composition of embodied emissions in intermediate inputs to EITE production: if a large share of embodied carbon is imported in intermediate inputs, industries might suffer from cost increases due to carbon tariffs. Second, the share of domestic output that is supplied to the export market: while carbon tariffs level the playing field on domestic markets, they increase the cost disadvantage vis-à-vis competitors from abroad in foreign markets.