Pre-play communication with forgone costly messages: experimental evidence on forward induction
实验研究猎鹿博弈中可选但需付费的前期沟通，发现即使小额成本也大幅减少沟通使用，但有效协调频率与免费沟通时相当，这可由基于纳什均衡的前向归纳理论解释。
Abstract We experimentally study optional costly communication in Stag-Hunt games. Prior research demonstrates that efficient coordination is difficult without a communication option but obtains regularly with mandatory costless pre-play messages. We find that even small communication costs dramatically reduce message use when communication is optional, but efficient coordination can occur with similar frequency as under costless communication. These findings can be accounted for by formalizations of forward induction that take Nash equilibrium as a reference point (such as Kohlberg and Mertens in Econometrica 54: 1003–1037, 1986; Govindan and Wilson in Econometrica 77: 1–28, 2009), while formalizations that only appeal to (higher-order) knowledge of rationality remain silent in this environment.