Bureaucracy, Democracy, and Race: The Limits of Symbolic Representation
研究了官僚机构中被动代表（人口构成代表）如何通过象征性代表影响公众对合法性的感知和合作行为，发现仅增加代表比例不足以改善公众与官僚机构的关系，还需积极对待公众。
Abstract A bureaucracy that is representative of the public it serves—passive representation—can result in both active representation and symbolic representation. Symbolic representation occurs when passive representation improves perceptions of legitimacy and enhances bureaucratic outcomes because the public is more cooperative and more likely to engage in coproduction. We present a new micro‐theory of symbolic representation to show that symbolic benefits of passive representation depend on some level of positive treatment by bureaucrats. We then illustrate the utility of this theory with qualitative interviews from two cities with large populations of people of color and high proportions of police officers of color. The results suggest that increasing the demographic representativeness of the bureaucracy may be a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for improving the relationship between the public and the bureaucracy.