Supervisors and Performance Management Systems
利用斯堪的纳维亚一家服务企业的数据，研究主管在绩效评估中的差异如何影响员工、主管的职业发展及企业绩效，发现部分差异源于管理能力的不同且企业对此有一定了解。
We study how heterogeneity in performance evaluations across supervisors affects employee and supervisor careers and firm outcomes using data on the performance system of a Scandinavian service sector firm. Supervisors vary widely in how they rate subordinates of similar quality. In our model, this ratings heterogeneity can arise because supervisors can differ in their ability to manage subordinates or in their leniency when rating subordinates. Furthermore, firms might or might not be informed about this heterogeneity. The evidence suggests that supervisor heterogeneity stems, in part, from real differences in managerial ability that firms are partially informed about.