Determinants of internal and external R&D offshoring: evidence from Spanish firms
利用西班牙企业数据，研究发现出口、国际技术合作、持续研发、专利申请、外资子公司身份和企业规模正向影响研发离岸决策；融资障碍对独立企业影响更大，且集团企业内外部离岸的决定因素不同。
This paper analyses the determinants of R&D offshoring of Spanish firms using information from the Panel of Technological Innovation. We find that being an exporter, international technological cooperation, continuous R&D engagement, applying for patents, being a foreign subsidiary, and firm size are factors that positively affect the decision to offshore R&D. In addition, we find that a lack of financing is an obstacle relatively more important for independent firms than for firms that belong to business groups. For these latter, we also obtain that the factors that influence the decision to offshore R&D differ depending on whether the firm purchases the R&D services within the group or through the market: a higher degree of importance assigned to internal sources of information for innovation as compared to market sources increases (decreases) the probability of R&D offshoring only through the group (market).